physiological processes are the ways in which organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, and biomolecules work together to accomplish the complex goal of sustaining life.
positive punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus after an unwanted behaviour to discourage a person from repeating the behaviour. spanking and chores are examples of this. on the other hand, negative punishment involves the removal of something desirable
having confidence in your abilities and knowing how to set reasonable expectations for yourself. here is that balance again – feeling confident but also being able to assess yourself with basic clarity and honesty. making decisions about things that you think are important.
it is the highest level of moral reasoning, the final stage of kohlberg's model of moral reasoning, in which an individual makes choices based on their own personal / ethical principles / beliefs, even if those beliefs are not in accordance with laws or social convention.
postmodernists are thinkers and theorists associated with the philosophical movement known as postmodernism, which emerged in the late 20th century as a reaction against the principles and assumptions of modernity. they are characterized by their skepticism towards grand narratives and ideologies, emphasizing
instead the subjective nature of reality and knowledge.
prelinguistic communication skills form the foundation for talking and understanding language. they are a set of skills that children use to communicate without using words.
a prerequisite is a course that must be successfully completed prior to starting another course. psychology, like all sciences and other fields of scholarly inquiry, requires you to lay down a foundation of basic knowledge and skills upon which more specialized expertise may be built.
proximal influences to our behaviors are influences from individuals close to us such as family, friends, peers, co-workers, and / or influences from our immediate situation.
is an approach that considers the structures of personality as largely unconscious and perceives behaviours as strongly influenced by an ongoing conflict between instincts, unconscious motives, past experiences and social norms
the psychoanalytic approach helps people explore their pasts and understand how it affects their present psychological difficulties. it can help patients shed the bonds of experience to live more fully in the present. explores interpersonal relationships.
psychodynamic theory (sometimes called psychoanalytic theory) explains personality in terms of unconscious psychological processes (for example,
wishes and fears of which we're not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality.