Items

• globalisation

  The increasing interconnectedness of economies, societies and cultures through trade, communication, migration and technological exchange (Ray, 2007; Giddens, 2009).
• habitus

  Refers to the objective reality that has been internalised, internalised reality becomes the mental filter through which people understand the social world and their place in it (Ferrante, et al., 2016).
• hegemony

  The supremacy of a social group manifested as both domination and intellectual and moral leadership (Gramsci).
• ideology

  A system of ideas that specifies a given economic and political arrangement as appropriate and desirable
• immigrant

  A person who moves to another country permanently; studied via assimilation, acculturation, and identity formation.
• imperialism

  A system in which powerful nations extend political and economic control over weaker territories for economic and strategic advantage (Wood, 2001).
• individualism

  A philosophy emphasizing the moral worth, autonomy, and self-reliance of the individual over the collective.
• industrial revolution

  The Industrial Revolution is a process that describes mechanisation that leads to changes in manufacturing, agriculture, transportation and mining that transformed virtually every aspect of society. (Ferrante, et al., 2016)
• interpretivism

  Refers to a social research approach that is derived from the work of Max Weber and which stresses the capacity of human agents to make meaning, understand and deliver independent judgement about the world (Steward & Zaaiman, 2014).
• interview

  Face-to-face or telephonic conversation between an interviewer and respondents, in which the interviewer asks questions and records respondent’s answers (Ferrante, et al., 2016).
• intimate partner violence

  Refers to a pattern of coercive behaviour— physical, sexual, or emotional abuse—used by a current or former partner to establish power and control (European Institute of Gender Equality, 2026).
• kinship

  Refers to social relationships deriving from blood ties (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• labour force

  Refers to the sum of employed and unemployed persons within a working-age population who are available for work and actively seeking employment (International Labour Organisation)
• life expectancy

  Average years a person is expected to live, varying by class, ethnicity, gender, and location.
• marginal work

  Refers to jobs that are considered to be undesirable and boring, low paying, intermittent, dead end and they lack autonomy (Hudson and Sullivan, 2014)
• mechanization

  The process of replacing human and animal muscle as a source of power with external sources derived from burning wood, coal, oil and natural gas. Working largely by hand or with animals to do that work with machinery. ( Ferrante,2020)
• migration

  Migration is the movement of individuals or groups from one place to another or from one geographical area to another involving a change of residents and influenced by social, economic, political or environmental factors.
• misogyny

  Refers to a systematic hatred, contempt, or prejudice against women, functioning as a mechanism to enforce patriarchal norms and male dominance (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• modernization

  Refers to a process of economic, social and cultural transformation in which a country evolves from pre-industrial or under-developed status to a modern society in the image of the most developed countries (Ferrante, et al., 2016).
• modernization theory

  A theory that suggests societies develop in stages, moving from traditional systems toward modern industrial economies and democratic institutions (Coetzee, 2001; Harrison, 1988).
• norms

  Refers to prescriptions serving as common guidelines for social norms. The term refers to social expectations about correct or proper behaviour, norms implying the presence of legitimacy, consent and prescription (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• nuclear family

  Refers to a social unit comprising parents living together with their children (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• objectivity

  It refers to the principle that social research should be conducted without bias, emotions, values or opinions influencing the findings.
• observation

  Refers to a research technique in which the researcher watches, listens to and records behaviour and conversation as they happen (Ferrante, et al., 2016).
• ontology

  Refers to the philosophical study of existence, of being (Bhattacherjee, 2012, Wagner, Kawulich, & Garner, 2012).