Items

• geometry

  A branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, and solids.
• geosphere

  The solid parts of Earth, including rocks, minerals, and landforms, distinct from the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
• geostationary

  Describes a satellite orbiting Earth at the equator at the same rate as Earth’s rotation, appearing stationary from the ground.
• gluon

  A fundamental particle that acts as the exchange particle (boson) for the strong nuclear force between quarks.
• gradient

  A rate of change or slope in a physical quantity (e.g., temperature gradient, pressure gradient, or concentration gradient).
• grating

  An optical component with a regular pattern that diffracts light into several beams, used for measuring wavelengths.
• graviton

  A hypothetical elementary particle proposed to mediate the force of gravity in quantum field theory.
• gyrate

  To spin or revolve around an axis; used in describing circular or spiral motion in physics and engineering.
• gyroscope

  A device with a spinning wheel or rotor that maintains orientation due to conservation of angular momentum.
• hadron

  A composite particle made of quarks held together by the strong force (e.g., protons and neutrons).
• harmonic

  A wave whose frequency is an integer multiple of a fundamental frequency; in physics, relates to vibrations and resonance.
• heat

  A form of energy transfer between systems due to a temperature difference, often measured in joules.
• hemisphere

  Half of a spherical object or surface; in Earth science, refers to northern/southern or eastern/western halves of the planet.
• hexagon

  A polygon with six sides and six angles; often found in natural and engineered structures (e.g., honeycombs, crystal lattices).
• hologram

  A three-dimensional image formed by the interference of light beams from a laser or other coherent light source.
• horizontal

  Parallel to the horizon; in science and engineering, refers to directions or planes perpendicular to the vertical.
• hydrogen

  The lightest and most abundant element in the universe, with one proton and one electron; symbol H, atomic number 1.
• hydrosphere

  All the water on Earth's surface, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and water vapor.
• hyperbola

  A type of smooth curve defined by a specific equation; often appears in the analysis of orbits and signal propagation.
• hypotenuse

  The longest side of a right- angled triangle, opposite the right angle.
• hypothesis

  A proposed explanation or educated guess for a phenomenon, which can be tested through experimentation and observation.
• hysteresis

  A lag between input and response in a system, often seen in magnetic and elastic materials (e.g., magnetization vs. applied field).
• illuminate

  To light up or make visible by shining light on an object; also used metaphorically in science to clarify or explain phenomena.
• image

  A visual representation of an object formed by lenses, mirrors, or other optical systems.
• imaginary

  In mathematics, refers to numbers involving the square root of -1, denoted as i. Common in engineering and physics (e.g., impedance calculations).