Sociology

Items

• social movements

  A collective, organized effort to promote or resist social change through protest, advocacy, or civil disobedience
• social stratification

  The hierarchical arrangement of social strata ranking individuals by status, power, or access to resources.
• social theory

  A set of ideologies or analytical frameworks used to understand and explain patterns of social relationships, institutions and social change (Inglis, 2019).
• socialisation

  The lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, behaviours, and social skills of their culture, enabling them to function as members of society. Modern sociologists emphasize that socialisation is a bidirectional process, not merely the imposition of culture onto a passive individual, but a co-creative interaction in which individuals (including children) actively shape and negotiate social meanings through engagement with agents of socialisation such as family, peers, schools, and media.
• socialism

  Socialist means the system under which the economic system is controlled and regulated by the government so as to ensure welfare and equal opportunity to the people in a society. The idea of socialism is first introduced by Karl Marx and Fredric Engles in their book, ‘The Communist Manifesto’ (Sehon, 2024).
• sociological imagination

  A point of view that allows us to identify seemingly remote and impersonal social forces and connect them to our biographies (Ferrante, et al., 2016).
• sociology

  The systematic study of society, social institutions, and social relationships, examining how human action is shaped by cultural and social structures (Turner, 1993).
• solidarity

  Refers to cohesion, unity and shared sense of belonging that binds members of society together often characterised by shared values, mutual interdependence and collective consciousness.
• sovereignty

  Refers to supreme authority and power of a state to govern itself without interference from external forces.
• stereotype

  Refers to an inaccurate generalization about people who belong to an out-group (Ferrante, et al., 2016).
• stigma

  Refers to a social attribute which is discrediting for an individual or a group (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• sub-culture

  Refers to a system of values, attitudes, modes of behaviour and lifestyles of social groups which is distinct from, but related to the dominant culture of a society (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• subjective

  Refers to a personal or single view, belief, emotion and not valid as knowledge – opposite of objective (Steward & Zaaiman, 2014).
• subordinate group

  A group with significantly less control or power, experiencing unequal access and discrimination.
• supernatural

  Refers to phenomena, beings or forces believed to exist beyond the natural, physical world and outside scientific explanation.
• surplus value

  In Marxist analysis, this is the value remaining when the worker’s daily costs of substance have been subtracted from the value that he/she produces (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• survey

  Provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population. From sample results, the researcher generalizes or makes claims about the population (Creswell, 2009).
• sustainable development

  Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Elliot, 2006).
• sustainable development goals

  SDGs also known as Global Goals or Agenda 2030 are a universal call to action adopted by all UN Member States in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure peace and prosperity for all by 2030.
• symbolic capital

  Refers to the prestige, honour, recognition and respect that individuals or groups possess which gives them social power and legitimacy in the society.
• systematic beliefs

  Systematic beliefs are organised, coherent and structured sets of ideas shared by members of society that explain reality, guide behaviour and shape values and norms.
• technology

  Application of knowledge and skills for the achievement of practical purpose. (Technology includes a connotation of tricks not available to outsiders – “tricks of the trade” – and is the domain of the craftsman, professional, or engineer in modern times.) (Hudson and Sullivan, 2014)
• theocracy

  Theocracy is a political system in which religious leaders govern the state, and laws are based on religious beliefs or sacred text.
• theory

  A set of interrelated propositions or principles designed to explain social phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts.
• totalitarianism

  Is a political system in which the state holds total control over all aspects of public and private life, and individual freedoms are almost completely eliminated.