Sociology

Items

• foreign aid

  Financial or technical assistance provided by governments or international organizations to support development in poorer countries (Carlsson, Somo Lekae & Van de Walle, 1997).
• foreigner

  Is an individual who is socially and legally recognised as an outsider because they do not belong to the national, cultural or political community of the society in which they reside.
• gender

  The socially constructed roles, behaviors, identities, and expectations associated with being male, female, or non-binary; distinct from biological sex (Ollenburger & Moore, 1991).
• gender based violence

  Refers to any harmful act perpetrated against a person’s will that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between males and females (European Institute of Gender Equality, 2026).
• global north

  Refers to the world’s wealthy, developed and industrialised nations, predominantly located in Europe, North America and developed parts of Asia, alongside Australia.
• global south

  Regions in Africa, Latin America, and Asia sharing histories of colonialism and economic dependency.
• globalisation

  The increasing interconnectedness of economies, societies and cultures through trade, communication, migration and technological exchange (Ray, 2007; Giddens, 2009).
• habitus

  Refers to the objective reality that has been internalised, internalised reality becomes the mental filter through which people understand the social world and their place in it (Ferrante, et al., 2016).
• hegemony

  The supremacy of a social group manifested as both domination and intellectual and moral leadership (Gramsci).
• ideology

  A system of ideas that specifies a given economic and political arrangement as appropriate and desirable
• immigrant

  A person who moves to another country permanently; studied via assimilation, acculturation, and identity formation.
• imperialism

  A system in which powerful nations extend political and economic control over weaker territories for economic and strategic advantage (Wood, 2001).
• individualism

  A philosophy emphasizing the moral worth, autonomy, and self-reliance of the individual over the collective.
• industrial revolution

  The Industrial Revolution is a process that describes mechanisation that leads to changes in manufacturing, agriculture, transportation and mining that transformed virtually every aspect of society. (Ferrante, et al., 2016)
• interpretivism

  Refers to a social research approach that is derived from the work of Max Weber and which stresses the capacity of human agents to make meaning, understand and deliver independent judgement about the world (Steward & Zaaiman, 2014).
• interview

  Face-to-face or telephonic conversation between an interviewer and respondents, in which the interviewer asks questions and records respondent’s answers (Ferrante, et al., 2016).
• intimate partner violence

  Refers to a pattern of coercive behaviour— physical, sexual, or emotional abuse—used by a current or former partner to establish power and control (European Institute of Gender Equality, 2026).
• kinship

  Refers to social relationships deriving from blood ties (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• labour force

  Refers to the sum of employed and unemployed persons within a working-age population who are available for work and actively seeking employment (International Labour Organisation)
• life expectancy

  Average years a person is expected to live, varying by class, ethnicity, gender, and location.
• marginal work

  Refers to jobs that are considered to be undesirable and boring, low paying, intermittent, dead end and they lack autonomy (Hudson and Sullivan, 2014)
• mechanization

  The process of replacing human and animal muscle as a source of power with external sources derived from burning wood, coal, oil and natural gas. Working largely by hand or with animals to do that work with machinery. ( Ferrante,2020)
• migration

  Migration is the movement of individuals or groups from one place to another or from one geographical area to another involving a change of residents and influenced by social, economic, political or environmental factors.
• misogyny

  Refers to a systematic hatred, contempt, or prejudice against women, functioning as a mechanism to enforce patriarchal norms and male dominance (The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, 1984).
• modernization

  Refers to a process of economic, social and cultural transformation in which a country evolves from pre-industrial or under-developed status to a modern society in the image of the most developed countries (Ferrante, et al., 2016).