Research

Items

• case study

  An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group or phenomenon.  It aims to understand complex real-life situations and provides detailed insights.
• cases

  Cases refer to individual units or instances that are studied in research.  These can be people, events, organisations, or any other relevant entities.
• casual models

  Models that represent cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
• categorical distribution

  A probability distribution that describes the likelihood of different outcomes in a discrete set of categories.
• categorical perception

  The phenomenon where humans perceive distinct categories for continuous stimuli (e.g., colours or speech sounds).
• categories

  Categories are distinct groups or classes into which data or observations are grouped based on shared characteristics.
• categorical data

  Categorical data, also known as qualitative data, represents discrete, distinct categories or groups.  Unlike numerical data, which can be measured and qualified, categorical data fall into specific non-numeric categories.
• challenging bias

  Challenging bias involves critically examining and questioning any preconceived notions, assumptions, or prejudices that may influence research design, data collection, or interpretation.
• channelling bias

  Bias arising from preferential allocation of treatments based on patient characteristics.
• chapter

  A chapter refers to a section within a larger document (such as a thesis, dissertation, or book) that focuses on a specific topic or aspect of the research.
• checklist

  A checklist is a systematic list of items or criteria to ensure that specific steps, procedures, or requirements are followed during research or data collection.
• chi-square analysis

  Chi-square analysis is a statistical test used to determine whether there is a significant association between categorical variables.
• chronology bias

  Chronology bias occurs when the order in which data is collected or  events occur influences the results or interpretation.
• citation bias

  The tendency to cite certain studies more frequently, leading to an incomplete representation of the literature.
• claim

  A claim is a statement or assertion made by a researcher based on evidence or data.
• classification errors

  Categorising errors made in research, such as Type 1 (false positive) and Type II (false negative) errors.
• close out

  Completing or finalising a research project, including data collection, analysis, and reporting.
• closed

  A research design where all variables are controlled, and no external factors influence is experienced.
• closed-ended questions

  Questions with predefined response options (for example, multiple-choice or Likert scale questions).
• cluster

  A group of similar data points or individuals (For example, clustering customers based on their purchasing behaviour).
• clustering

  Grouping similar data points together based on shared characteristics.
• cluster analysis

  Statistical technique to identify natural groupings (clusters) within a dataset.
• code

  In research “code” can refer to qualitative data coding; that is, assigning labels or categories to text data during content analysis, or statistical codes; that is, numerical representations for specific variables or conditions.
• code of ethics

  A set of principles or guidelines designed to help professionals conduct themselves honestly, ethically, and with integrity in their work.  It outlines the expected behaviour and standards for individuals within an organisation or profession.
• codebook

  A codebook is a document that explains the meaning of codes or labels used in qualitative data analysis.  It provides guidelines for coding and interpreting data.