In the sampling of human population, the proportion of individuals who, though successfully contacted, refuse to give information sought. High refusal rate reduce the sample size and statistical power of the study.
related literature review involves the systematic identification, location, and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem
Refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable. You measure the temperature of a liquid sample several times under identical conditions.
Obtaining consistent results across studies aimed at answering the same scientific question, each of which has obtained its own data. Two studies may be considered to have replicated if they obtain consistent results given the level of uncertainty inherent in the system under study
Studies that put published empirical results to an additional empirical test, are needed for the discipline to develop in a meaningful way and close the theory practice gap.
A study that is conducted using the same or similar methods as the original investigation, in order to evaluate whether consistent results can be obtained.
A subset of a population that seeks to accurately reflect the characteristics of the larger group. For example, a classroom of 30 students with 15 males and 15 females could generate a representative sample that might include six students: three males and three females.
Act of dividing the population into strata according to, either ethnic markers, gender characteristics, age groups, income, or geographical locations. To ensure using a representative sample.
The creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
The overall strategy used choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring it will effectively address the research problem. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. The framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher to conduct a study.
The creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
Specialised language used to communicate findings systematically and scientifically. This language includes multisyllabic words, specific question types and study designs, and ways to define concepts operationally
A tool used to do research. These tools can either be qualitative or quantitative or mixed. Quantitative methods examine numerical data and often requires the use of statistical tools to analyse data collected.
Specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyse information about a topic. In a reseach study, the methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.
A statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
Steps that researchers should take to increase the reliability and validity of their research. Such as standardising an experiment, which means that participants are tested in the same conditions, to increase the study's internal reliability.
A document proposing a research project, generally in the sciences or academia. Often evaluated on the cost and potential impact of the proposed research, and on the soundness of the proposed plan for carrying it out.