operant behavior is behavior controlled by its consequences. in practice, operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules.
a formal operational schema may be entirely abstract, such as rules governing mathematical or logical operations that lack any obvious physical description
optimal aging: the capacity to function across many domains physical, functional, cognitive, emotional, social and spiritual to one's satisfaction and in spite of one's medical conditions
oral personality a personality fixed emotionally in the oral stage of development, whose sexual and aggressive drives are satisfied by putting things in his or her mouth.
the oral stage in psychology or oral phase, the first stage in the psychosexual development process, focuses on oral satisfaction. freud established that this stage occurred between birth and 18 months old. in his studies concerning this stage, freud believed that an infant's mouth was the only organ of pleasure.
carl rogers defined organismic experience as the physiological response of an organism to its internal and external experiences. rogers believed that people react to their experiences as an organized whole, rather than as separate parts.
carl rogers' organismic self- regulation is the tendency to meet needs as they arise, and to regain balance and homeostasis. it's an adaptive process that helps people develop the ability to choose actions and goals that fulfill their needs.
(oh-vuh-ree) one of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made. these hormones play an important role in female
traits, such as breast development, body shape, and body hair. they are also involved in the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy.
Pan-Africanism was the attempt to create a sense of brotherhood and collaboration among all people of african descent whether they lived inside or outside of africa
panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations,
shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress.
paranoia is the irrational and persistent feeling that people are 'out to get you' or that you are the subject of persistent, intrusive attention by others.
peer victimisation typically involves a power imbalance between the perpetrator and victim and can take several forms / overt victimisation is characterised by physical and verbal acts of aggression, while relational victimisation is characterised by experiences of social exclusion
perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.
perimenopause means "around menopause" and refers to the time during which your body makes the natural transition to menopause, marking the end of the reproductive years.
permissive parenting is a type of parenting style characterized by low demands with high responsiveness. permissive parents tend to be warm, nurturing and usually have minimal or no expectations. they impose limited rules on their children. communication remains open, but parents allow their children to figure things out for themselves. these low levels of expectation usually result in rare uses of discipline.
person-centred therapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist is grounded in the idea that people are inherently motivated toward achieving
positive psychological functioning. therapy that is guided or led by the client
personal distress is an aversive, self-focused emotional reaction (e.g., anxiety, worry, discomfort) to the apprehension or comprehension of another's emotional state or condition.